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| Figure 1. Volvox
Name: Volvox
Common name: Globe algae
Family: Volvoacaceae
Collection date: November 15, 2015
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: Chlorophyte green algae with 2 flagella
Key used: "Identification of Algae in water samples"
Keying steps:
1b) 2b) 3a) 40b) 41b) 49b) 80b) 51a)...Volvox Links: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/brightfield/volvox.html http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/index.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art97b/volvoxms.html |
Tuesday, November 17, 2015
Specimen #20 Volvox
Monday, November 16, 2015
Specimen #19 Stereum striatum
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| Figure 1. Stereum striatum
Name: Stereum striatum
Common name: N/A
Family: Stereaceae
Collection date: September 18, 2015
Habitat: found on tree bark
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: "Fruiting body very thin, leathery and pliant when fresh, annual but persistent; bracket-like to cup-like. Cap 0.3-3cm broad but sometimes fused laterally to form lines10cm or more; flat and circular to fan-shaped in outline. Surface dry to whitish to buff or pale brown, sometimes zoned concentrically when moist; covered wit long, loosely-arranged white hairs. Flesh very thin and tough. Underside smooth, buff to pale brown or in some forms of yellow to yellow-brown. Stalk absent present only as a very small knob."
Key used: Arora, David.(1986). Mushrooms Defined second edition. Ten Speed Press.
Keying steps:
1b) Not as above; Spore-bearing surface not composed of tubes, or if composed of tubes then the tubes forming a united layer, fruiting body fleshy, tough, woody
2b) Fruiting body knob-like, hoof-like, bracket-like, shelf-like, or crust-like; stalk absent, rudimentary, or attached at side or top of cap; growing on wood or roots.
4b) Pore surface exposed; not growing on birch then margin not crust-like
5b) Not as above; pore surface differently colored and/or not separable and elastic-gelatinous
6b) Fruiting body normally with a cap, but sometimes resupinate, especially if growing on the undersides of logs.
7a) Spore bearing surface composed of shallow veins which may form very broad "pores or pits"...Stereaceae & Allies pg. 0604
Crust or Parchment fungi
1b) Not as above
2b) Not as above
4b) Not as above
5b) Not as above
7a) Spore bearing surface smooth to slightly uneven or sometimes cracked
8b) Fruiting body usually found on wood
9b) Not as above
10b) Not as above found on hardwoods and/or fruiting body not "bleeding"
11a) Cap silky-sitrate, thin; found on horn beam in eastern North America
Links:
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Specimen #18 Wood Ear Fungus
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| Figure 1. Auricularia auricula
Name: Auricularia auricula
Common name: Wood Ear
Family: Auriculariales
Collection date: September 18, 2015
Habitat: "Solitary or in groups or clusters on logs, dead branches, stumps, etc.(attached centrally or laterally); very widely distributed on both hardwoods and conifers, and often common in cool weather."
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: "Fruiting body rubbery to pliant or flabby to somewhat gelatinous when fresh, hard when dry; 2-15cm broad; cup-shaped to ear-shaped or sometimes with several earlobe lobes originating from a central point of attachment. Outer surface sterile, often veined or ribbed, minutely silky silky or with fine downy hairs, pale brown, liver-brown, drying blackish. Inner(fertile) surface smooth to slightly wrinkled, somewhat gelatinous when wet, tan or yellow-brown, grayish-brown, brown, liver-brown, or tinged purple; blackish when dried. Flesh thin, rubbery. Stalk absent or rudimentary."
Key used: Arora, David.(1986). Mushrooms defined second edition. Ten Speed Press.
Keying steps:
1b) Not as above
2b) Not as above
3b) Not as above
4b) Not as above, fruiting body cupcake, earlobe, disclike
6b) Not as above, fruiting body is sometimes slit down one side but not consistently so, and not usually growing erect, sometimes growing on dung.
7b) Fertile surface same shade of brown, black, tan, dingy yellow, or violet, or sometimes with a pinkish or lilac tinge
8b) Flesh rather tough (not breaking easily) and fertile surface dark brown to black ... Sarcosorna & Allies pg. 826
1b) Not as above
2a) Fruiting body shallowly cup-shaped or ear-shaped or like a piece of seaweed, dark brown to reddish brown or purplish but not normally black unless it dries out, 2-10cm broad; flesh thin and rubbery or rubbery-gelatinous; Sterile surface (exterior) minutely hairy; spores borne on basidia...pg. 675 Auricularia auricula
Links:
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Specimen #17 Comb Fungus
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| Figure 1. Hermicium ramosum on rotting wood |
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| Figure 2. Close up above view |
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| Figure 3. Close up view of the icicles
Name: Hericium ramosum
Common name: Comb Fungus
Family: Hericiaceae
Collection date: September 18, 2015
Habitat: "Solitary or in small groups on fallen hardwood branches, logs, and stumps; widely distributed solid to be most common in North America.
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: Fruting body 3-5cm broad and 6-15cm high when mature, comprised of open frame work of rather delicate base or "trunk," pure white when fresh, discoloring creamy to buff or yellowish-tan in old age. Flesh white spines more or less evenly distributed in lines along the branches (like teeth on a comb), sometimes also in small tufts at the branch tips. Spines rather short, 3-10mm.
Key used: Arora, David.(1986). Mushrooms Defined second edition.Ten Speed Press.
Keying steps:
1b) Not as above, not growing on cones, stalk if present usually thicker
2b) Not as above
3b) Growing on wood
4a) Fruiting body branched framework or unbranched cushion of tissue from which spines are suspended (icicle-like) lacking a distinct cap..Hericium pg. 613= Hericium ramosum
Notes: "Edible and delicious when slow cooked."
Links:
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Specimen #16 Wolf's Milk
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| Figure 1. Lycogala epiderdrum
Name: Lycogala epiderdrum
Common name: Wolf's Milk
Family: Tubiferaceae
Collection date: September 18, 2015
Habitat: Log
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: Round brown, or pink, sac-like structure alone or in groups
Key used: Keller, Harold W. and Brown, Karl L.(1799). Myxomycetes of Ohio: Their systematics, biology, and use in teaching. Ohio Biological Survey.
Keying steps:
1b) Fruiting bodies not as above; spores occurring in a mass within fruiting body and enclosed (at least during the early stages of development) by a perineum
2a) True capillitium absent, pseduocapillitium composed of irregular elements sometimes present...Order Liceales
1a) Fruiting body an aethalium or pseudoaethalium
2a) Pseudocarpillitum present and usually rather evident, but not taking the form of a columella-like structure
3a) Fruiting body an aethalium, pulvinate to subglobose, with no evidence of individual sporangium-like units
4a) Pseudocapillitium consisting of flattened hyaline tubules; spores pallid...Lycogala epidendrum
Links:
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Tuesday, November 10, 2015
Specimen #15 Metatrichia vesparium
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| Figure 1. spore cases |
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| Figure 2. Metatrichia vesparium found on a dead log |
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| Figure 3. Capillitium outside of empty spore cases
Name: Metatrichia vesparium
Common name: none
Family: Trichiaceae
Collection date: September 14, 2015
Habitat: dead log
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: "Groups of sporangia on well-decayed wood. Clustered spore cases on fused stalks; sporangial dehiscence in a different stage, dome-shaped lid still intact and unopened, others partially open with circumscissile dehiscence and tangled masses of capillitial threads, still others with lid removed and spore case empty resembling a wasp's nest
Key used: Keller, Harold W. and Brown, Karl L. (1799). Myxomycetes of Ohio: Their systematics, Biology, and use in Teaching. Ohio Biological Survey.
Keying steps:
1. Not as above
2. True capillitium present
3. Fruiting bodies larger
4. Spore mass more or less brightly colored; capillitium not conspicuously sculptured...Order Trichiales
1b) Fruiting body a stalked or sessile sporangium
2b) Sporangia with a well developed stalk
6a) Sporangia red, maroon or red-brown
7a) Sporangia with a distinct, performed operculum often firmly united into clusters of several to many
Links:
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Specimen #14 Cladonia foliacea
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| Figure 1. Close up of the squamulose lichen |
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| Figure 2. K test with a negative result
Name: Cladonia foliacea
Common name: None
Family: Cladoniaceae
Collection date: September 14, 2015
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: Squaumulose lobes white green to pale green in color.
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Keying steps:
Key G. Squamulose Lichens pg. 134
1. Thallus dull or shiny, but not gelatinous when wet
3. Thallus pale green, gray, brown, olive, or black without yellowish or orange tint
17. Squamules ascending or erect, flat or cylindrical, with the lower surface easily seen
18. Thallus composed of flat, clearly dorsiventral squabbles
20. Squamules not more than 3 times longer than broad, apothecia occurring singly, thallus cortex K-(atranorin absent) relatively common
21. Squamules lobed or finely divided, apothecia raised on a stalk or stipe; thallus cortex C-, KC-(gyrophoric acid absent as main compound)
Links:
Specimen #13 Veilwort
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| Figure 1. Leaves of Pallavicinia lyellii |
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| Figure 2. Cell close up |
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| Figure 3. Costa close up
Name: Pallavicinia lyellii
Common name: Veilwort
Family: Pallaviciniaceae
Collection date: September 14, 2015
Habitat: Dead log
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: "Thalli prostate in thin patches, pale green, thalli 2-6cm long and 4-5cm wide with a central strand. On wet banks along streams and in swamps, Minnesota to Newfoundland South to Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Luisiana."
Key used: Concard, H.S.(1956). How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts. WMC. Brown Company.
Keying steps:
1b) Plants Thalloid or, if with stems and leaves, the larger leaves in two rows on the stem and a third row of leaves often present on the underside of the stem, never on the upper side. Rhizoids unicellular, sporophyte short lived.
4b) Plants thalloid or leafy with more than one chloroplast per cell
5a) Plant strongly flattened, thalloid, without distinction between stem and leaf.
6a) Plants with a translucent or transparent thallus, internal tissue homogenous; rhizoids all smooth on internal wall; sporophyte with capsule dividing regularly into 4 valves or dehiscing irregularly and retained in a scam-like structure 7b) Thalli ribbon-shapped, not covered on upper surface with pear-shaped sacs; capsules regularly splitting into four lobes, elater present..pg. 238 Metzgeriales Metzgeriales 1b) Plants thallouse of shallowly lobed 2b) Margins of thallus wavy or even, but not shallowly lobed 3a) Midrib wel defined, bulging like a cord along lower side of plant, rest of thallus only 1 cell thick 4b) Plant 3-4mm wide, often irregularly wavy; sex organs on oppressed along midrib 5a) midrib with a central strand of small, thick-walled cells. Links: http://www.bbsfieldguide.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/liverworts/Pallavicinia_lyellii.pdf http://hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/liverworts/leafy/pallaviciniaceae/palla01.htm |
Specimen #12 Powder Gun Moss
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| Figure 1. Spore pods |
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| Figure 2. Leaf close up
Name: Diphyscium foliosum
Common name: Powder Gun Moss
Family: Buxbaumiaceae
Collection date: September 14, 2015
Habitat: Found on a moist bank next to a river
Location: Hiram, OH
Description: Spores are in pods that shoot them out when conditions are favorable. Leaves are tongue shaped.
Key used: McKnight, Karl B. and Rohrer, Joseph R. 2013. Common Mosses of the NorthEast and Appalachians. Princeton University Press. New Jersey.
Keying steps:
1b) Leaves arranged in more than two rows and coming out all around stem, wet plants not flat or resembling ferns
6b) Leaves flat or cupped, lacking needle long tip
7a) Plants are ≤1.5cm tall
8b) Leaves with rounded tip capsules 3mm long, shaped like a wheat kernel, stalkless
Links:
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Specimen #11 Snakewort
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| Figure 1. Conocephalum concur found on a rock next to a river |
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| Figure 2. Chloroplast close up |
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| Figure 3. Air pores
Name: Conocephalum conicum
Common name: Snakewort
Family: Conocephaleaceae
Collection date: September 17, 2015
Habitat: Growing on a moist rock next to the river
Location: Chagrin Falls, Ohio
Description: "Thalli pale to dark green, up to 20cm long and 1-2cm wide. Dichotomously mostly branching, upper surface with distinct polygonal areas, pores distinct, on moist rocks and soil. Widespread in North America."
Key used: Conard, H.S. (1956). How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts. WM C. Brown Company.
Keying steps:
1b) Plants thalloid or, if with stems and leaves, the larger leaves in two rows on the stem and a third row of leaves often present on the underside of the stem, never on upper side. Rhizoids unicellular, sporophyte short lived.
4b) Plants thalloid or leafy, with more than one chloroplast per cell
5a) Plant strongly flattened, thalloid, without distinction between stem and leaf.
6a) Plants with opaque thallus that is divided into an epidermis, loose tissue beneath the epidermis contacting air spaces, and lower solid, parenchyma-like tissue, rhizoids of two kinds, one with smooth wall and one with peg-like thickenings on inner wall...Order: Marchantiales
Pg. 283 Marchantiales
1a) Air pores visible without lens, each in a polygonal area; capsules borne on the underside of an umbrella-shaped receptacle, with spirally banned elaters among spores, walls of capsules with ring-shaped thickenings
8b) Thalli without gamma and without marginal scales on underside
10a) Air pore on a low mound of colorless cells, antheridia in a warty spot on thallus
Links:
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Wednesday, October 14, 2015
Specimen #10 Powdery Gold Speck Lichen
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| Figure 1. Candelariella efflorescens
Name: Candelariella efflorescens
Common name: Powdery Gold Speck Lichen
Family: Candelariaceae
Collection date: September 14, 2015
Habitat: Tree bark
Location: Hiram, Ohio
Description: Crustose yellow surface forming very small round patches. Thallus consists of yellow round, flat patches 0.2mm in diameter.
Collector: Katie Trushel
Key used:Walewski, Joe. (2007). Lichens of the North Woods. Kollath and Stensas Publishing. Minnesota.
Keying Steps: Trees and crustose section
Notes: Common on maple and aspen trees
Links:
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Specimen #9 Common Green Shield Lichen
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| Figure 1. Flavoparmelia caperata |
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| Figure 2. Close up of Flavoparmelia caperata
Name: Flavoparmelia caperata
Common name: Common Green Shield
Family: Parmeliaceae
Collection date: September 14, 2015
Habitat: Tree bark
Location: Hiram, Ohio
Description: "Foliose pale yellow-green lobes with black lower surface and pale brown under edges, lobes 3-8mm wide."
Collector: Katie Trushel
Key used: Walewski, Joe. (2007). Lichens of the North Woods. Koliath and Stensas Publishing. Minnesota.
Keying steps:
Tree and Foliose section...pg. 107
Notes: Extremely common and abundant in urban and industrial areas due to atmospheric pollution. Grows on all bark in sun or partial shade.
Links:
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Specimen #8 Bird's Nest Fungi
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| Figure 1. Bird's nest fungi found in the mulch |
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| Figure 2. Close up of the bird's nest |
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| Figure 3. Close up of the peridioles
Name: Cyathus helenae
Common name: Bird's Nest fungi
Family: Nidulariaceae
Collection date: September 12, 2015
Habitat: Tree base in the mulch
Location: Newbury, Ohio
Description: mini cups with gray circles that appear like small stones
Collector: Katie Trushel
Key used: Kuo, Michael.(2014.) The Bird's Nest Fungi. http://www.mushroomexpert.com/birdsnests.html
Keying steps:
1b) Fungus shaped roughly like a cup or goblet that is covered with a "lid" when young (though the lid often disappears quickly); "eggs" held in a nest-like receptacle at maturity.
6b) Outer surface and/or inner surface of nest shaggy, hairy, grooved, or velvety.
10a) Inside surface of nest vertically lined or grooved
11a) Found in temperate North America (from the Gulf Coast northward)
12b) Not completely as above
13a) Nest typically 5-6 mm wide; montane and boreal in distribution.
Links:
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Specimen #7 Golden Fern Moss
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| Figure 1. Tomentum nitens at tree base |
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| Figure 2. Tomentum intense wet leaves with sporophytes |
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| Figure 3. Tomentypnum nitens brown hairs |
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| Figure 4. Tomentypnum nitens sporophytes
Name: Tomentypnum nitens
Common name: Golden fern moss
Family: Brachytheciaceae
Collection date: September 12, 2015
Habitat: moist tree base
Location: Newbury, Ohio
Description: Dark green in color with stringy branches leaves
Collector: Katie Trushel
Key used: McKnight, Karl B. and Rohrer, Joseph R. 2013. Common Mosses of the NorthEast and Appalachians. Princeton University Press. New Jersey.
Keying steps:
pleurocarp, lance, costa
1a) plants w/ upright steams, top of plants 3-10cm above substrate
2b) stems pinnately branched nearly to base, thus mimicking an upright feather
5b) plants of wet habitats; stems matted w/ green of red-brown hairs; leaves at stem tips straight
6b) leaves crowded, 3-4mm long
Links:
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Specimen #6 Greater Tongue Moss
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| Figure 1. Anomodon viticulosus with dry leaves |
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| Figure 2. Anomodon viticulosus with wet leaves
Name: Anomodon viticulosus
Common name: Greater Tongue Moss
Family: Anomodontaceae
Collection date: September 12, 2015
Habitat: Tree base in soil
Location: Newbury, Ohio
Description: Light green color with a carpet-like appearance
Collector: Katie Trushel
Key used: McKnight, Karl B. and Rohrer, Joseph R. 2013. Common Mosses of the NorthEast and Appalachians. Princeton University Press. New Jersey.
Keying steps:
pleurocarp, lance, costa
1b) plants creeping or creeping w/ ascending shoot tips, tops of plants rarely marathon 3cm above substrate
7b) plants terrestrial on soil, rocks, trees, or logs
8b) leaves 2-4mm long
17b) older shoots w/ green, yellow green, golden, or brownish green leaves; growing on various substrates; capsules usually bent over on stalks from short side branches
19a) leafs at stem tips curve in one direction
Links:
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Specimen #5 Silver Broom Moss
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| Figure 1. Paraleucobryum longifolium in natural habitat |
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| Figure 2. Paraleucobryum longifolium leaves up close
Name: Paraleucobryum longifolium
Common name: Silver Broom moss
Family: Dicranaceae
Collection date: September 10, 2015
Habitat: Moist bog floor
Location: Triangle Lake in Ravenna, Ohio
Description: Dark green with long stalks and all leaves sweeping to one side
Collector: Katie Trushel
Key used: McKnight, Karl B. and Rohrer, Joseph R. 2013. Common Mosses of the NorthEast and Appalachians. Princeton University Press. New Jersey.
Keying steps:
acrocarp, hair-like
1b) plants larger than 1cm tall; usually in forest on soil, rock, logs, or trees
3a) leaves swept to one side of stem w/ tips more of less pointing in one direction
4b) plants gray green or whitish green; individual plants w/ leaves swept to one side, but not all plants swept the same direction; capsule 2-3mm; stalk 1-2cm
Links:
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200001018
https://books.google.com/books?id=jvpWGRQVhhgC&pg=PA390&lpg=PA390&dq=silver+broom+moss&source=bl&ots=20uBbo7A6v&
sig=Dn78jUlpNkBPzcPt6amSwCE2TKI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC4Q6AEwA2oVChMIkvWd7oLAyAIVQRweCh3E8ANz#v=onepage&q=
silver%20broom%20moss&f=false
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Specimen #4 Tricky Peat Moss
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| Figure 1. Sphagnum fallax in its natural habitat |
Figure 2. Views of the apical heads of the Sphagnum fallax
Name: Sphagnum fallax
Common name: Tricky Peat Moss
Family: Sphagnaceae
Collection date: September 10, 2015
Habitat: bog
Location: Triangle Lake in Ravenna, Ohio
Description: Light green in color, long and stringy
Collector: Katie Trushel
Key used: McKnight, Karl B. and Rohrer, Joseph R. 2013. Common Mosses of the NorthEast and Appalachians. Princeton University Press. New Jersey.
Keying steps:
peat moss
1b) branch leaves with margins flat to somewhat incurved, tip long-pointed, not hooded; stem cross-section w/o conspicuous cortex, less than 1/4 diameter of stem; branches slender, stringy, or spiky
5b) clusters of 5 or fewer branches attached at one point; apical head large or small but not as dense as a pom-pom; stems stiff to flexible; typically grow as cushions, mats, or carpets either in forests or open habitats such as bogs.
6b) branched leaves with apical half gradually narrowed and not bent outward from base
7b) plants green, yellowish, or brownish with no traces of red
10b) apical head w/ mostly straight branches and not appearing twisted when viewed from above
11a) stem leaves triangular w/ pointed tips, shorter than branch leaves and spreading away from stem or laying flat against stem and pointing toward stem base; if apical head looks like a 5-pointed star, then developing branches between the rays in pairs
Links:
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